Ebola

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Okay I decided I probably wouldn’t give this a topic of its own unless something like spread to a health care worker in a “first world” country occurred. I really hope this is an isolated case…

http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/06/health/ebola-us/index.html

Spain has outbreak’s 1st known case of contracting Ebola outside of Africa

(CNN) — A nurse’s assistant in Spain is the first person known to have contracted Ebola outside of Africa in the current outbreak.

Spanish Health Minister Ana Mato announced Monday that a test confirmed the assistant has the virus.

The woman helped treat a Spanish missionary and a Spanish priest, both of whom had contracted Ebola in West Africa. Both died after returning to Spain.
Health officials said she developed symptoms on September 30. She was not hospitalized until this week. Her only symptom was a fever.

“We are working in coordination to give the best care to the patient and to guarantee the safety of all citizens,” the health minister said.

An investigation is under way to find everyone the assistant may have had contact with while contagious. So far, there are no other known cases.

The assistant was one of about 30 health professionals in Spain who helped to treat the Ebola patients.

The news came amid growing fears in the United States that the disease could spread.

55 thoughts on “Ebola”

  1. http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/08/health/ebola-us/index.html

    Texas Ebola patient dies

    (CNN) — Thomas Eric Duncan, a man with Ebola who traveled to the United States from Liberia, died Wednesday morning at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, the hospital said.
    He had been in critical condition after being diagnosed with the virus in mid-September. People who have had contact with the Liberian national are being monitored for symptoms.
    Some members of Duncan’s family have been isolated and are being monitored — their temperatures taken twice daily — to make sure they are not symptomatic. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that as of Tuesday, they had not shown any symptoms.
    Several who have had contact with him were moved to a secure location Friday.

  2. I guess the CDC was correct in their lack of caution. None of the family members have contracted yet. But there is now a lot of talk about airborne ebola.

  4. I posted that article (Israel) saying the Dallas patient was dead two days before he actually died (General thread).

    Am I being silly for wondering. That same link now shows what was current at the time ‘patient critical’. AWACS? Can they see into the future?

  5. Is Microsoft Medicine the Solution for Ebola?
    The Origins of the Ebola Crisis
    by TARIQ ALI and ALLYSON POLLOCK

    Tariq Ali: Today we are going to discuss medicine and what is going on in Africa but not just there, in other parts of the world too, and how privatised medicine is now dominating the field except in a few oasis there are still left Cuba, Venezuela, etc. With me is Professor Allyson Pollock, one of the best known public health scientists and experts in her field anywhere. Ebola. What are its origins and how did it spread so quickly in these three African countries and is now causing panic elsewhere?

    http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/10/10/the-origins-of-the-ebola-crisis/

  6. “*In Liberia, 129 more confirmed deaths have been reported than have confirmed cases. In addition, the total number of confirmed cases is a relatively small proportion of all cases in Liberia, compared with Guinea and Sierra Leone. Laboratory capacity for case confirmation is being increased. **In Sierra Leone, 105 more probable deaths have been reported than have probable cases. Data are based on official information reported by Ministries of Health up to the end of 7 October 2014 for Guinea and Liberia, and 8 October 2014 for Sierra Leone. These numbers are subject to change due to on-going reclassification, retrospective investigation and availability of laboratory results.”

    http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136161/1/roadmapupdate10Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1

    W. Africa is the perfect petri dish for developing mortality tables and infection metrics.
    If true it’s as insane as nuclear war. How could anyone imagine there could be a victor in a nuclear theatre between largely matched destructive power? No one could be so stupid as to release a loose-cannon like ebola just to see what happens unless there was a bunker in which to hunker till it blows over. I prefer to think of it as garden-variety bureaucratic incompetence. It’s the worst variety of idiocy.

  8. http://us.cnn.com/2014/10/12/health/ebola/index.html

    Breaking: News: 2nd U.S. patient tests positive for Ebola

    Texas health care worker had cared for Duncan

    A health care worker at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital has tested positive for Ebola after a preliminary test, the hospital said in a statement.

    At the press conference just held they stated that the health care worker was in full protective clothing when they interacted with the first patient (Duncan) and considered to be at “low risk”…

  9. I’m actually not that surprised about the supply to USAMRIID (wikileaks cable comment above). The US (and they are not alone of course) loves to have deadly diseases handled by people in military uniforms – it was also the US military that re-created the deadly “Spanish flu”. That’s the sort of thing they do.

    As for sloppy handling well that’s true but they are not unique in that sadly.

    http://news.sciencemag.org/2009/03/virologist-isolation-after-accident-ebola

    A researcher at the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine in Hamburg, Germany, was put in isolation last week after pricking herself with a syringe containing the Ebola virus. According to ProMED :

    The woman is being treated in Hamburg University Hospital on suspicion of Ebola virus infection. The victim worked in the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, where last Thursday [12 Mar 2009] while working in the high security wing received a needle stick injury despite wearing protective clothing. The woman has been transferred to an isolation unit for treatment of the potentially highly contagious disease. So far the patient has shown no signs of illness. Risk of transmission of infection has been discounted. In consultation with an international team of experts and the patient herself [an experimental] vaccine was administered which has not been used previously humans.

    Stephan Günther, head of the Nocht Institute’s virology department, tells ScienceInsider that the virologist, whose name he declined to reveal to protect her privacy, was working with Ebola Zaïre, one of five known subtypes of the virus.

    The last known time a scientist was exposed to Ebola was at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) in Fort Detrick, Maryland, in 2004. That researcher was also put in an isolation unit, dubbed “the slammer” by USAMRIID virologists. A 2008 paper about the case contains recommendations on how to handle such exposures.

  10. This isn’t CDC saying ‘zero’ chance anymore.

    “The news that a health care worker might have the disease is not completely unexpected, an infectious disease specialist told CNN’s “New Day.”

  12. CDC; Meet the new boss. Same as the old boss.

    In updated preliminary results from nearly 700 RNs at over 250 hospitals in 31 states released Friday:

    80 percent say their hospital has not communicated to them any policy regarding potential admission of patients infected by Ebola

    87 percent say their hospital has not provided education on Ebola with the ability for the nurses to interact and ask questions

    One-third say their hospital has insufficient supplies of eye protection (face shields or side shields with goggles) and fluid resistant/impermeable gowns

    Nearly 40 percent say their hospital does not have plans to equip isolation rooms with plastic covered mattresses and pillows and discard all linens after use, less than 10 percent said they were aware their hospital does have such a plan in place
    More than 60 percent say their hospital fails to reduce the number of patients they must care for to accommodate caring for an “isolation” patient

    http://www.nationalnursesunited.org/press/entry/national-nurse-survey-shows-hospitals-still-not-prepared-for-us-ebola/

  15. The system is working according to CDC because nurse was ‘self-monitoring’ and quickly reported her infection. Thanks for that. The NBC crew that was allowed to self-isolate violated, and had to be forced to do so, just like Duncan’s family. Pressers are infuriating, because even so called physicians continue to spout ‘zero chance’. It’s as though they are more focused on controlling the public than controlling the disease.

  17. http://us.cnn.com/2014/10/15/health/texas-ebola-outbreak/index.html

    2nd health care worker tests positive for Ebola at Dallas hospital

    (CNN) — A second health care worker at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital who cared for Thomas Eric Duncan has tested positive for Ebola, health officials said Wednesday — casting further doubt on the hospital’s ability to handle Ebola and protect employees.
    The worker reported a fever Tuesday and was immediately isolated, health department spokeswoman Carrie Williams said.
    The preliminary Ebola test was done late Tuesday at the state public health laboratory in Austin, and the results came back around midnight. A second test will be conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.

  18. “explosive diarrhea and projection vomiting” Duncan’s viral contamination of the environment is truly scary. Level 4 containment is the only way this is dealt with in laboratories. A trash-bag over your head doesn’t do it.

  19. Charles Larson writes

    We Haven’t Seen Anything Yet
    Ebola Catches Fire
    by CHARLES R. LARSON
    Well, we’ve let it scare the hell out of us.

    In total ethnocentric, self-serving fashion, Americans didn’t worry about Ebola until a man died from it in the United States. Now people are reacting as if Ebola will bring about the end of the world by next Tuesday (or is it Thursday?)

    It ought not to have happened this way. We’ve known what it is from earlier outbreaks; we even waited and watched as it spread beyond the usual limited areas, until the numbers should have told us that, this time, it could mushroom into something huge and have a significant impact on other areas of the world besides West and Central Africa (which we basically don’t care about).

    /..

    http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/10/15/ebola-catches-fire/

  22. The same system is coming to the UK within 5 – 10 years unless you fight for the NHS now.

    The Plague of For-Profit Health Care
    Ebola, Capitalism and the Idea of Society
    by ROB URIE

    Thomas Duncan didn’t have health insurance when he entered Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital with Ebola. The hospital claims that he was initially turned away because important information about his condition didn’t find its way to the admitting physician. Without specific knowledge that he had Ebola a temperature of 103C didn’t require the hospital to admit him. With the two days it took the hospital to confirm Ebola on his return visit, Mr. Duncan risked hospital bills in the tens of thousands of dollars that he reportedly didn’t have. The hospital ‘risked’ providing expensive treatment to a man who likely couldn’t have paid for it.

    Missing from this ‘process’ that now finds Mr. Duncan dead, two nurses who attended him with Ebola themselves, the American health care system revealed as wholly unprepared to deal with what at present seems a moderately communicable disease, is any notion of a public interest. This can be seen internationally as well with the U.S. sending soldiers to West Africa while Cuba has sent a large contingent of emergency health care workers. The difference is fundamental: Cuba sees both public purpose and moral imperative to help those stricken with Ebola and the U.S. sees a threat to profits at ‘home’ and a military exercise to ‘contain’ the spread of Ebola abroad.
    /..

    http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/10/17/ebola-capitalism-and-the-idea-of-society/

  25. Squonk, please feel free to move this update to a more suitable location – I didn’t know where best to put it.

    The Assange defence team’s response to the Swedish prosecutor’s arguments against his appeal to drop the arrest warrant (and hence the EAW) has gone in. The prosecutor now has until 27 October to respond to this document and then the SVEA court will announce what it plans to do next.

    http://www.swedenversusassange.com/IMG/pdf/p.pdf

    If you are interested in the Assange extradition case, this document is really worth reading in full. It’s 11 pages plus two short appendices, all in English and the legal arguments contained in it are crystal-clear.

    TL:DR? The document covers:

    1. Various European human rights law directives & precedent cases regarding the arbitrary deprivation of liberty that the Swedish prosecutor is breaking and that, contrary to prosecutor arguments, Assange’s time in the embassy counts towards the length of time he’s been detained. (This will affect the cost of compensation due further down the line.)

    2. Matters pertaining to the principle of proportionality in the prosecutor’s attempt to pressure Assange to give up his political asylum.

    3. That the prosecutor’s claim that she needs to interrogate Assange in custody in Sweden is incoherent, especially as regards taking a DNA swab – she has already agreed in the UK Supreme Court Agreed Facts that one was taken when Assange was first arrested in December 2010.

    4. A motion that the SVEA court rules the prosecutor must hand over the women’s phone and text traffic to the court. Alternatively, a motion that SVEA applies to the European Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling in the matter. (A new Swedish law that suspects have a legal right to know the evidentiary basis of their arrest is derived directly from an ECHR Directive in 2012. The prosecutor has tried to argue against this.) Prosecutor is playing peek-a-boo with the women’s text message evidence again; defence were allowed only a few minutes’ sight of them during the last hearing and not allowed to keep copies, while the Swedish courts have not been allowed access to this evidence AT ALL. What the f**k is she hiding?

    5. Discussion of UK law on precedence and how rival extradition requests from the US and Sweden would normally be treated, backed by an affidavit from a UK extradition law expert.

    The two short appendices to the Assange appeal are on the Swedish version (in English), not the English version above.

    http://t.co/fAUBYHUSVe

  27. Ben asked: ” Isn’t there some push by Stefan Lofven on this?”

    Not that I’ve seen, Ben, no. But possibly the political climate in Sweden is shifting. The SVEA court is taking things verrrry slowly in hearing this appeal (perhaps waiting for the new Swedish govt to get settled in…?) and it is no longer taboo to quote Wikileaks cables in the Swedish MSM. In fact, there is a very different tenor in reporting on the Assange case in Sweden (not mirrored, alas, in the UK press as yet). Just this morning SvD did an interview with Michael Moore, quoting him saying that he saw “the long arm of my country” in the rape allegations. The article was titled “WikiLeaks did humanity a huge service” – that headline was unthinkable in Swedish MSM a while ago.

  29. I knew that we would hear of GSK sooner or later.

    One million Ebola vaccine doses by end of 2015
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29756301

    ‘Two experimental vaccines, produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the Public Health Agency of Canada, are already in safety trials.

    The GSK vaccine is being tested in Mali, the UK and the US. Research on the Canadian vaccine is also under way in the US with further trials expected to start in Europe and Africa soon.’

    By appointment to the British royalty.

    GSK : Licence To (K) ill : Documenting The Unethical Behaviour Of GlaxoSmithKline: With Particular Focus On The Notorious Seroxat Scandal
    https://truthman30.wordpress.com/category/well-child-gsk-prince-harry/

    Not averse to a bit of bribery and corruption.

    GlaxoSmithKline Found Guilty of Bribery in China
    U.K. Drug Maker Handed Largest Ever Corporate Fine in China
    http://online.wsj.com/articles/glaxosmithkline-found-guilty-of-bribery-in-china-1411114817

  31. Texas Hospital Blames EHR For Ebola Mishandling

    Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas cites lack of interoperability between nurse and physician workflows as reason Ebola patient was sent home. Lack of interoperability between the nurse and physician workflows in its electronic health record system was the reason Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas initially sent home Ebola patient Eric Duncan, according to the healthcare facility. And similar interoperability issues could threaten other healthcare organizations, industry executives caution.
    http://www.informationweek.com/healthcare/electronic-health-records/texas-hospital-blames-ehr-for-ebola-mishandling/d/d-id/1316353

    ‘In reviewing its processes and procedures, the hospital determined it had “identified a flaw in the way the physician and nursing portions of our electronic health records (EHR) interacted in this specific case,” noting there were separate nursing and physician workflows. The hospital apparently uses Epic, according to an InformationWeek article in early 2014 and press releases from the past few years.

    Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge has just spent £200m on putting EPIC in, involving 200,000 hours of staff training. That’s £200m which will not be spent on patient care, diagnosis or treatment.
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-29777262

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Systems

    Remember bloody BLiar’s multi £bn electronic records scheme? It was abandoned.

  32. Anyone know what’s up with Craig Murray’s blog? I’ve tried to post this to his Why I’m Convinced Anna Ardin is a Liar thread – and his current page – and the spam Captchas won’t let me. It’s rather an important update on the Assange case.

    Swedish prosecutor got her response to Julian Assange’s appeal into the SVEA court last night on deadline, but what a dog’s dinner her legal argument is:

    http://assangeinswedenbook.com/2014/10/28/assange-appeal-prosecutor-response-27-oct/

    The SVEA court, clearly embarrassed at the thought of ruling against Assange on the basis of said dog’s dinner, have thrown the ball back to the defence team to buy some more time – until 3 November:

    http://www.svea.se/Avgoranden-och-pagaende-mal/Pagaende-langmal/Information-om-overklagandet-av-Julian-Assange-betraffande-haktning/ [includes English translation]

    This appeal started in June and all the back-n-forth-ing since then is like watching a match at Wimbledon (though it’s clear who’s delivering all the aces, I still suspect the match may be fixed…)

  33. And here’s another one – especially intriguing for those who like sluething around in the Assange case. Any chance that someone who’s more tech-literate than I am can re-post this and my previous post to Craig’s Why I’m Convinced thread on my behalf, very kindly?

    Anyway, to the intrigue…

    Rixstep (the translator into English of the leaked Swedish police protocol & best source for news on the Assange case) has written a rather excellent article:

    The Curious Case of Assange in Sweden:
    http://rixstep.com/2/20141028,00.shtml

    It’s quite long but covers all the bases. In the middle, though, there’s this:

    “One very well known journalist in Stockholm has reportedly told others in confidence that the second girl [Sofia Wilen] is one of the best honeypots in town. A spook group from a foreign country has reportedly had information to offer on the same girl. Neither lead has ever been followed up.”

    Which well-known Swedish MSM journalist? Which foreign intel agency? Which “others” gossip about Wilen as the best local honeypot? Who did the foreign intel agency offer info on Sofia Wilen too? Time for some serious sleuthing…

  36. He’s not going anywhere, Trowbridge. He’s already confirmed on several occasions that it is not safe for him to leave the embassy even if the Swedish case is dropped. However, that eventuality would make it politically more embarrassing for the UK to carry on refusing him safe passage to Ecuador. And, of course, there is the possibility that, as soon as the Swedish case is gone, the US will unseal its indictment (Assange’s lawyers believe strongly there is already one – it is a criminal offence for any US official to reveal the existence of a sealed indictment; they are usually unsealed once a suspect is already in custody) and put in its extradition request to Theresa May.

  37. 29 October 2014
    Ebola aid appeal launched by Disasters Emergency Committee

    Saleh Saeed, chief executive of the Disasters Emergency Committee: ”This is a race against time”

    Ebola outbreak
    Six surprising numbers
    WHO under fire
    Nigeria’s heroine
    Vaccine ‘too late’

    An appeal for the Ebola crisis in West Africa is to be launched by the Disasters Emergency Committee.

    /..
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-29803638

  38. Latest updates:

    3:54 P.M. WHO: Ebola death toll likely over 5,000

    Better news that the spread of the virus appears to be slowing.

    The Ebola death toll is likely over 5,000 out of 13,703 cases, Dr. Bruce Aylward of the World Health Organization said. Aylward said the death rate is currently running at 70 percent, but there is a better rate for people who get to treatment centers.

    Aylward added that Mali is putting in a “herculean effort” to trace contacts of the toddler who died from Ebola, and the virus appears to be slowing down in Liberia. (Reuters)

    WHO Press Conference just ended.

  39. Cross-posting from Craig’s blog [Squonk – do you have a current ‘general’ page for this sort of stuff?]

    Good link here discussing Swedish prosecutor Marianne Ny’s tactics as regards the women’s SMS/phone traffic – and why she is withholding all but one or two of the 100 texts known to exist (these 1 or 2 she interprets as providing “probable cause” evidence of rape) from being viewed and analysed by either Assange’s defence team or by the courts themselves:

    Assange Case: Something Sick About the SMS
    http://rixstep.com/2/20141028,01.shtml

    and this article discusses a ruling by Sweden’s SVEA Court of Appeal earlier this year giving Swedish police permission to destroy any evidence a prosecutor elects not to use in court proceedings [known as an investigation’s ‘slops bucket’ – something which must be immediately handed over to a defence team as soon as charges are brought, though this generally gives defence lawyers approx. 10-14 days to analyse whatever’s in those ‘slops’, at least that WAS the case until this SVEA ruling, I believe]. If Assange’s arrest is rescinded and the case dropped – or even if it continues in its current frozen deadlock until the statute of limitations runs out – this would potentially have the effect of putting the women’s SMS forever beyond the reach of any Freedom of Information request or public view.

    https://archive.today/DtAwl

    Comments, anyone?

  40. Sad to see no discussion of Sweden recognizing Palestine – what resulted in a previous Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh getting assassinated – apparently by a Meir Dagan hypnotized, drugged assassin – when she attempted to put it on an EU basis.

    Assange has just worked with the Anglo-American spooks to help shut down the leakers, and it has been quite successful.

  41. Thanks Arbed for keeping us up to date on this terrible incarceration. I hope Julian knows that there are thousands of us who are incensed at the injustice this ‘government’ is inflicting on him.

  42. Your evidence, Trowbridge, for such a wild assumption? Anglo-American spooks are not generally known for locking up their most successful asset for four years… or at least not in such a spectacularly public way…

    Don’t be silly, the NSA and GCHQ hate Assange for spilling all their dirty secrets – and helping the century’s most important whistleblower to evade their clutches – with all the passion of their nasty little authoritarian hearts.

    PS. I’ve just put a link to RT’s article about Sweden’s formal recognition of Palestine and Israel withdrawing their Swedish ambassador on Craig Murray’s current page. There has already been some discussion of it there; hopefully, there’ll be some more.

  44. Arbed I never notice your comment on Squonk’s blog till Mary referred to it on CM’s blog today. The laws of Sweden are beyond my comprehension. Surely anyway the SMS messages are widely available on the web from people who have made copies. Or am I wrong?

    What the defence team might consider is taking out a claim of defamation of character and the retention of the SMS messages in a separate case. They could then ask for the messages. Is that possible?

  47. http://news.stv.tv/west-central/304953-health-worker-treated-for-ebola-in-brownlee-unit-at-gartnavel-glasgow/

    Ebola: One person being treated for disease in Glasgow hospital
    STV
    29 December 2014 18:44 GMT

    A case of Ebola has been diagnosed in Glasgow, the Scottish Government has confirmed.

    NHS Scotland infectious diseases procedures have been put into effect and the patient has been isolated.

    They are receiving treatment in the specialist Brownlee Unit for Infectious Diseases on the Gartnavel Hospital campus.

    The patient is a health care worker who was helping to combat the disease in west Africa.

    They returned to Scotland from Sierra Leone late on Sunday night via Casablanca and London Heathrow, arriving into Glasgow Airport on a British Airways flight at around 11.30pm.

    The patient was admitted to hospital early in the morning after feeling unwell and was placed into isolation at 7.50am.

    All possible contacts with the patient are now being investigated and anyone deemed to be at risk will be contacted and closely monitored.

  49. Passengers on BA flight from Heathrow to Glasgow last night arriving at about 11:30pm are being asked to call a helpline for advice.

    Patient is being transferred to London according to Sky News.

  50. http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/Ebola-case-1414.aspx

    Ebola case
    Downloads 29/12/2014 18:35
    Scotland Health and Community Care
    Confirmed case in Glasgow

    A confirmed case of Ebola has been diagnosed in Glasgow.

    NHS Scotland infectious diseases procedures have now been put into effect and the patient has been isolated and is receiving treatment in the specialist Brownlee Unit for Infectious Diseases on the Gartnavel Hospital campus.

    The patient is a health care worker who was helping to combat the disease in west Africa. They returned to Scotland from Sierra Leone late last night via Casablanca and London Heathrow, arriving into Glasgow Airport on a British Airways flight at around 11.30pm.

    The patient was admitted to hospital early in the morning after feeling unwell and was placed into isolation at 7.50am. All possible contacts with the patient are now being investigated and anyone deemed to be at risk will be contacted and closely monitored. However, having been diagnosed in the very early stages of the illness, the risk to others is considered extremely low.

    First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has chaired a meeting of the Scottish Government Resilience Committee (SGoRR) to ensure all necessary steps are being taken, and has also spoken to Prime Minister David Cameron.

    According to UK and Scottish protocol for anyone diagnosed with Ebola, the patient will be transferred to the high level isolation unit in the Royal Free hospital, London, as soon as possible. This is where the facilities, staff and systems are in place to ensure the best quality and safest care.

    While public health experts have emphasised that the risks are negligible, a telephone helpline has been set up for anyone who was on the Heathrow to Glasgow flight last night.

    The number is: 08000 858531

    First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said:

    “Our first thoughts at this time must be with the patient diagnosed with Ebola and their friends and family. I wish them a speedy recovery.

    “Scotland has been preparing for this possibility from the beginning of the outbreak in West Africa and I am confident that we are well prepared.

    “We have the robust procedures in place to identify cases rapidly. Our health service also has the expertise and facilities to ensure that confirmed Ebola cases such as this are contained and isolated effectively minimising any potential spread of the disease.

    “Scotland’s NHS has proved it is well able to cope with infectious diseases in the past, such as swine flu, and I am confident we will be able to respond effectively again.”

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